Designs

Detailed system design sketches and trade-off analyses.

These documents serve as a sandbox for architectural thinking. They are useful for working through constraints, load estimations, and component interactions in a structured format; understanding why a certain database or architecture was chosen over another (e.g., SQL vs. NoSQL, polling vs. WebSockets); and building a mental library of design patterns that can be applied to real-world distributed systems.

Ad Click Aggregator — analytics , streaming
A high-throughput streaming architecture for global ad click aggregation, ensuring exactly-once processing, robust deduplication, and sub-second reporting.
Distributed Caching Layer for VCS — algorithms , caching , concurrency and +4 more
An optimized distributed caching architecture designed to drastically reduce backend I/O and accelerate VCS operations; intelligently caching heavy objects and hashes with ultra-low latency.
Distributed Web Crawler — caching , data-pipelines , distributed-systems and +1 more
A highly resilient architectural design for a Google-scale web crawler; heavily focusing on breadth-first search (BFS), extensive DNS resolution caching, and polite handling of malicious domains.
End-to-End Migration & Deduplication — deduplication , networking
A comprehensive system architecture for migrating remarkably large datasets; rigorously enforcing deduplication heuristics, checksum-backed integrity validations, resumability, and strict idempotence.
Flash Sale / Ticketmaster — algorithms , concurrency , database and +1 more
A high-resiliency architecture for extreme traffic bursts, utilizing virtual waiting rooms and atomic inventory management to ensure fair distribution under load.
Global CDN Media Serving — caching , media , monitoring and +2 more
A robust edge-optimized CDN-backed media delivery architecture; designed explicitly for seamless, highly available global media serving with completely decoupled background upload processing.
Notification System — distributed-systems , queues
A robust architectural design for a high-throughput, multi-channel notification service supporting push, email, and SMS; featuring strict prioritization queues, tiered rate limiting, and reliable delivery tracking.
Payment System — algorithms , database , distributed-systems
A high-integrity architecture for global payment gateways and internal ledgers, emphasizing rigorous idempotency, eventual consistency, and deterministic recovery.
Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning Platform — algorithms , distributed-systems , ml and +1 more
A secure platform design for advanced federated learning pipelines; training models directly across edge devices without sharing raw telemetry, utilizing secure local aggregation and robust privacy safeguards.
Proximity Service for Maps — algorithms , caching , database
An optimized system design for discovering nearby points of interest with ultra-low latency; deeply focusing on efficient spatial indexing via Geohashing, Quadtrees, and read-heavy caching tiers.
Real-Time Analytics Pipeline — analytics , data-pipelines , monitoring and +2 more
A highly scalable real-time streaming pipeline engineered to continuously ingest and process high-volume user event streams; gracefully handling late arrivals and robust fault tolerance protocols.
Real-Time Collaborative WebApp — concurrency , distributed-systems , networking
A real-time synchronization design for collaborative applications (e.g., Google Docs, Figma); utilizing WebSockets and Operational Transformation (OT) or CRDTs for consistent state resolution.
Search & Retrieval Engine — algorithms , monitoring , privacy and +1 more
A high-performance search and retrieval engine architecture designed for extensive document and media collections; strictly ensuring low-latency ranking and horizontally scalable inverted indexing.
URL Shortener & Pastebin — caching , database , distributed-systems and +1 more
A robust structural design for a highly available, extremely read-heavy service bridging short aliases to long URLs; implementing Base62 encoding, Snowflake IDs, and strict collision avoidance.
Video Transcoding & Streaming Pipeline — data-pipelines , distributed-systems , media and +1 more
An inherently scalable video ingestion and transcoding system architecture; asynchronously chunking heavy media, extracting actionable features, and steadily outputting adaptive bitrates via worker pools.